diff --git a/rulesdocs/refector_rules_and_tracking.md b/rulesdocs/refector_rules_and_tracking.md
index 8dce9844..c20962e9 100644
--- a/rulesdocs/refector_rules_and_tracking.md
+++ b/rulesdocs/refector_rules_and_tracking.md
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@
 - Finished major `llmCommentaryService` decomposition by extracting tick scheduling, run-loop orchestration, and history-reset behavior into `llmCommentaryService/runner.js`; `llmCommentaryService/index.js` is now a thin composition layer.
 - Began `audioForwardService` decomposition by extracting permission/path policy helpers to `audioForwardService/policy.js` and rover/turn/socket event wiring to `audioForwardService/hooks.js`; rewired service entrypoint to use extracted modules.
 - Continued `audioForwardService` decomposition by extracting ffmpeg worker lifecycle, upload playback, and WHIP ownership/session control into `audioForwardService/workerEngine.js`; `audioForwardService/index.js` is now a thin composition layer.
+- Finished `buttonBoxService` decomposition by extracting persisted state management to `buttonBoxService/store.js`, reward/effect workflows to `buttonBoxService/core.js`, and HTTP transport wiring to `buttonBoxService/httpRoute.js`; `buttonBoxService/index.js` is now a thin composition layer.
 
 ## WebUI frontend
 ### BIGGEST OFFENDERS
diff --git a/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/core.js b/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/core.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9750af66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/core.js
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+// button Box Service core
+// Purpose: Handles reward execution, effect persistence/recovery, and press application workflows.
+// Scope: Keeps runtime behavior unchanged while isolating domain logic from HTTP transport wiring.
+function createButtonBoxCore(deps) {
+  const {
+    io,
+    logger,
+    getRewardById,
+    roverManager,
+    issueCommand,
+    sendAlert,
+    publishEvent,
+    sendExternalTyping,
+    sendExternalMessage,
+    sendSystemMessage,
+    getMode,
+    setMode,
+    getAdminReason,
+    setAdminReason,
+    clearAdminReason,
+    assignmentService,
+    getHomeAssistantState,
+    setHomeAssistantEntityState,
+    setHomeAssistantLightsLockedOn,
+    store,
+  } = deps;
+
+  function publishUpdated() {
+    publishEvent({
+      source: 'buttonBox',
+      type: 'buttonBox.updated',
+      payload: { updatedAt: Date.now() },
+    });
+  }
+
+  function saveEffect(effectId, payload = {}, options = {}) {
+    const state = store.getState();
+    state.effects = state.effects && typeof state.effects === 'object' ? state.effects : {};
+    state.effects[effectId] = payload;
+    store.writeState();
+    if (options.broadcast) {
+      publishUpdated();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function clearEffect(effectId, options = {}) {
+    const state = store.getState();
+    if (state.effects && typeof state.effects === 'object' && state.effects[effectId]) {
+      delete state.effects[effectId];
+      store.writeState();
+      if (options.broadcast) {
+        publishUpdated();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function buildRewardContext() {
+    return {
+      logger,
+      issueCommand,
+      listOnlineRovers: () => roverManager.getRoster(),
+      sendAlert,
+      publishEvent,
+      sendExternalTyping,
+      sendExternalMessage,
+      sendSystemMessage,
+      getMode,
+      setMode: (mode, source = 'buttonbox') =>
+        setMode(
+          mode,
+          { data: { role: 'admin', user: { username: source } } },
+          { force: true },
+        ),
+      getAdminReasonText: () => getAdminReason()?.text || null,
+      setAdminReason: (text, source = 'buttonbox') => setAdminReason(text, { by: source }),
+      clearAdminReason: (source = 'buttonbox') => clearAdminReason({ by: source }),
+      rerollAssignments: () => assignmentService.rerollAssignments(),
+      getHomeAssistantEntities: () => {
+        const entities = getHomeAssistantState()?.entities;
+        return Array.isArray(entities) ? entities : [];
+      },
+      getHomeAssistantLightPolicy: () => getHomeAssistantState()?.lightPolicy || null,
+      setHomeAssistantEntityState,
+      setHomeAssistantLightsLockedOn: (next, options = {}) =>
+        setHomeAssistantLightsLockedOn(next, options),
+      saveEffect: (effectId, payload = {}) => saveEffect(effectId, payload, { broadcast: false }),
+      clearEffect: (effectId) => clearEffect(effectId, { broadcast: false }),
+    };
+  }
+
+  async function runRewardForButton(button) {
+    const reward = getRewardById(button.rewardId);
+    if (!reward) {
+      store.assignNewReward(button);
+      return;
+    }
+    const completedCount = Number.isFinite(button.count) ? button.count : 0;
+    const completedGoal = Number.isFinite(button.goal) ? button.goal : 0;
+    const ctx = buildRewardContext();
+    try {
+      await reward.run(ctx);
+    } catch (err) {
+      logger.warn('Reward execution failed', { rewardId: reward.id, error: err.message });
+    }
+    io.emit('buttonBox:rewardRun', {
+      buttonId: button.id,
+      rewardId: reward.id,
+      rewardName: reward.name || reward.id,
+      count: completedCount,
+      goal: completedGoal,
+      ts: Date.now(),
+    });
+    button.lastRewardAt = Date.now();
+    button.count = 0;
+    store.assignNewReward(button, { excludeRewardId: reward.id });
+  }
+
+  async function applyPress(buttonId) {
+    const state = store.getState();
+    const button = state.buttons.find((entry) => entry.id === buttonId);
+    if (!button) {
+      throw new Error('Unknown button');
+    }
+
+    button.count += 1;
+    button.lastIncrementAt = Date.now();
+    store.writeState();
+
+    io.emit('buttonBox:increment', {
+      buttonId,
+      count: button.count,
+      ts: button.lastIncrementAt,
+    });
+
+    if (button.count >= button.goal) {
+      await runRewardForButton(button);
+      store.writeState();
+    }
+
+    publishUpdated();
+    return store.clone(button);
+  }
+
+  async function recoverEffects() {
+    const state = store.getState();
+    const effects = state.effects && typeof state.effects === 'object' ? { ...state.effects } : {};
+    const ctx = buildRewardContext();
+
+    for (const [effectId, payload] of Object.entries(effects)) {
+      const reward = getRewardById(effectId);
+      if (!reward || typeof reward.recover !== 'function') {
+        clearEffect(effectId, { broadcast: false });
+        continue;
+      }
+      try {
+        await reward.recover(ctx, payload);
+      } catch (err) {
+        logger.warn('Effect recovery failed', { effectId, error: err.message });
+        clearEffect(effectId, { broadcast: false });
+      }
+    }
+    publishUpdated();
+  }
+
+  return {
+    applyPress,
+    recoverEffects,
+  };
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  createButtonBoxCore,
+};
diff --git a/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/httpRoute.js b/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/httpRoute.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d49ffbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/httpRoute.js
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// button Box Service HTTP route
+// Purpose: Registers button-box press endpoint and request validation against local-network policy.
+// Scope: Keeps runtime behavior unchanged while isolating transport/validation from domain logic.
+const express = require('express');
+
+function registerButtonBoxRoute(deps) {
+  const {
+    app,
+    logger,
+    buttonCount,
+    getRequestIp,
+    normalizeIp,
+    isLocalNetwork,
+    applyPress,
+  } = deps;
+
+  function parseButtonId(body) {
+    if (typeof body !== 'string') return null;
+    const value = Number.parseInt(body.trim(), 10);
+    if (Number.isFinite(value)) return value;
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  function denyIfNotLocal(req, res) {
+    const ip = normalizeIp(getRequestIp(req));
+    if (isLocalNetwork(ip)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    logger.warn('Rejected non-local button press request', { ip: ip || null });
+    res.status(403).json({ error: 'Button presses must originate from local network' });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  app.post('/buttonbox/press', express.text({ type: 'text/plain' }), async (req, res) => {
+    if (denyIfNotLocal(req, res)) return;
+    const buttonId = parseButtonId(req.body);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(buttonId) || buttonId < 1 || buttonId > buttonCount) {
+      res.status(400).json({ error: 'button must be 1-4' });
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      const button = await applyPress(buttonId);
+      res.json({ success: true, button });
+    } catch (err) {
+      res.status(500).json({ error: err.message || 'Button processing failed' });
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  registerButtonBoxRoute,
+};
diff --git a/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/index.js b/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/index.js
index cd500613..331cc82b 100644
--- a/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/index.js
+++ b/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/index.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 // button Box Service
-// Purpose: Defines the button Box Service module and the helpers/state used by this service unit.
-// Scope: Keeps runtime behavior unchanged while isolating responsibilities into a clear module boundary.
-const fs = require('fs');
-const express = require('express');
+// Purpose: Composes button-box storage, core reward workflows, and HTTP route wiring.
+// Scope: Keeps runtime behavior unchanged while making this entrypoint a thin composition layer.
 const { app } = require('../../globals/http');
 const io = require('../../globals/io');
 const logger = require('../../globals/logger').child('buttonBoxService');
@@ -22,325 +20,63 @@ const {
   setLightsLockedOn: setHomeAssistantLightsLockedOn,
 } = require('../homeAssistantService');
 const { getRequestIp, isLocalNetwork, normalizeIp } = require('../../helpers/ipResolver');
+const { createButtonBoxStore } = require('./store');
+const { createButtonBoxCore } = require('./core');
+const { registerButtonBoxRoute } = require('./httpRoute');
 
 const DATA_DIR = resolveDataDir();
 const STORE_PATH = resolveDataPath('buttonbox-state.json');
 const BUTTON_COUNT = 4;
 const STORE_VERSION = 1;
 
-let state = null;
-
-function createDefaultButton(id) {
-  return {
-    id,
-    count: 0,
-    rewardId: null,
-    rewardName: null,
-    rewardNumber: null,
-    goal: null,
-    lastIncrementAt: null,
-    lastRewardAt: null,
-  };
-}
-
-function createDefaultState() {
-  return {
-    version: STORE_VERSION,
-    updatedAt: Date.now(),
-    buttons: Array.from({ length: BUTTON_COUNT }, (_, idx) => createDefaultButton(idx + 1)),
-    effects: {},
-  };
-}
-
-function clone(value) {
-  return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(value));
-}
-
-function normalizeLoaded(raw = {}) {
-  const base = createDefaultState();
-  const sourceButtons = Array.isArray(raw.buttons) ? raw.buttons : [];
-  const buttons = base.buttons.map((button, idx) => {
-    const loaded = sourceButtons[idx] || {};
-    return {
-      ...button,
-      count: Number.isFinite(loaded.count) ? Math.max(0, Math.floor(loaded.count)) : 0,
-      rewardId: typeof loaded.rewardId === 'string' ? loaded.rewardId : null,
-      rewardName: typeof loaded.rewardName === 'string' ? loaded.rewardName : null,
-      rewardNumber: Number.isFinite(loaded.rewardNumber) ? Math.floor(loaded.rewardNumber) : null,
-      goal: Number.isFinite(loaded.goal) ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(loaded.goal)) : null,
-      lastIncrementAt: Number.isFinite(loaded.lastIncrementAt) ? loaded.lastIncrementAt : null,
-      lastRewardAt: Number.isFinite(loaded.lastRewardAt) ? loaded.lastRewardAt : null,
-    };
-  });
-
-  const effects = raw.effects && typeof raw.effects === 'object' ? raw.effects : {};
-  return {
-    version: STORE_VERSION,
-    updatedAt: Number.isFinite(raw.updatedAt) ? raw.updatedAt : Date.now(),
-    buttons,
-    effects,
-  };
-}
-
-function writeState() {
-  fs.mkdirSync(DATA_DIR, { recursive: true });
-  const next = {
-    ...state,
-    updatedAt: Date.now(),
-  };
-  const tempPath = `${STORE_PATH}.${process.pid}.${Date.now()}.tmp`;
-  fs.writeFileSync(tempPath, `${JSON.stringify(next, null, 2)}\n`, 'utf8');
-  fs.renameSync(tempPath, STORE_PATH);
-  state = next;
-}
-
-function loadState() {
-  if (state) return state;
-  try {
-    const raw = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(STORE_PATH, 'utf8'));
-    state = normalizeLoaded(raw);
-  } catch (err) {
-    if (err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
-      logger.warn('Failed to load button box store', err.message);
-    }
-    state = createDefaultState();
-  }
-  ensureRewardAssignments();
-  writeState();
-  return state;
-}
-
-function ensureRewardAssignments() {
-  if (!state) return;
-  const seen = new Set();
-  state.buttons.forEach((button) => {
-    const reward = getRewardById(button.rewardId);
-    if (reward && !seen.has(reward.id)) {
-      seen.add(reward.id);
-      button.rewardName = reward.name || null;
-      button.rewardNumber = reward.number;
-      button.goal = reward.goal;
-      if (!Number.isFinite(button.count) || button.count < 0) {
-        button.count = 0;
-      }
-      return;
-    }
-    assignNewReward(button);
-    if (button.rewardId) {
-      seen.add(button.rewardId);
-    }
-  });
-}
-
-function assignNewReward(button, options = {}) {
-  const allRewards = listRewards();
-  if (!allRewards.length) throw new Error('No rewards configured');
-  const excludeRewardId = typeof options.excludeRewardId === 'string' ? options.excludeRewardId : null;
-
-  const usedByOtherButtons = new Set(
-    state.buttons
-      .filter((entry) => entry.id !== button.id)
-      .map((entry) => entry.rewardId)
-      .filter((rewardId) => typeof rewardId === 'string' && rewardId.length > 0),
-  );
-  const uniqueCandidates = allRewards.filter(
-    (reward) => !usedByOtherButtons.has(reward.id) && (!excludeRewardId || reward.id !== excludeRewardId),
-  );
-  const fallbackUniqueCandidates = allRewards.filter((reward) => !usedByOtherButtons.has(reward.id));
-  const pool = uniqueCandidates.length
-    ? uniqueCandidates
-    : fallbackUniqueCandidates.length
-      ? fallbackUniqueCandidates
-      : allRewards.filter((reward) => !excludeRewardId || reward.id !== excludeRewardId);
-  const reward = pool[Math.floor(Math.random() * pool.length)] || null;
-  if (!reward) throw new Error('No rewards configured');
-
-  button.rewardId = reward.id;
-  button.rewardName = reward.name || null;
-  button.rewardNumber = reward.number;
-  button.goal = reward.goal;
-  button.count = 0;
-}
-
-function buildRewardContext() {
-  return {
-    logger,
-    issueCommand,
-    listOnlineRovers: () => roverManager.getRoster(),
-    sendAlert,
-    publishEvent,
-    sendExternalTyping,
-    sendExternalMessage,
-    sendSystemMessage,
-    getMode,
-    setMode: (mode, source = 'buttonbox') =>
-      setMode(
-        mode,
-        { data: { role: 'admin', user: { username: source } } },
-        { force: true },
-      ),
-    getAdminReasonText: () => getAdminReason()?.text || null,
-    setAdminReason: (text, source = 'buttonbox') => setAdminReason(text, { by: source }),
-    clearAdminReason: (source = 'buttonbox') => clearAdminReason({ by: source }),
-    rerollAssignments: () => assignmentService.rerollAssignments(),
-    getHomeAssistantEntities: () => {
-      const entities = getHomeAssistantState()?.entities;
-      return Array.isArray(entities) ? entities : [];
-    },
-    getHomeAssistantLightPolicy: () => getHomeAssistantState()?.lightPolicy || null,
-    setHomeAssistantEntityState,
-    setHomeAssistantLightsLockedOn: (next, options = {}) =>
-      setHomeAssistantLightsLockedOn(next, options),
-    saveEffect: (effectId, payload = {}) => saveEffect(effectId, payload, { broadcast: false }),
-    clearEffect: (effectId) => clearEffect(effectId, { broadcast: false }),
-  };
-}
-
-function getButtonBoxState() {
-  loadState();
-  return clone({ buttons: state.buttons });
-}
-
-function publishUpdated() {
-  publishEvent({
-    source: 'buttonBox',
-    type: 'buttonBox.updated',
-    payload: { updatedAt: Date.now() },
-  });
-}
-
-function saveEffect(effectId, payload = {}, options = {}) {
-  loadState();
-  state.effects = state.effects && typeof state.effects === 'object' ? state.effects : {};
-  state.effects[effectId] = payload;
-  writeState();
-  if (options.broadcast) {
-    publishUpdated();
-  }
-}
-
-function clearEffect(effectId, options = {}) {
-  loadState();
-  if (state.effects && typeof state.effects === 'object' && state.effects[effectId]) {
-    delete state.effects[effectId];
-    writeState();
-    if (options.broadcast) {
-      publishUpdated();
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-function parseButtonId(body) {
-  if (typeof body !== 'string') return null;
-  const value = Number.parseInt(body.trim(), 10);
-  if (Number.isFinite(value)) return value;
-  return null;
-}
-
-function denyIfNotLocal(req, res) {
-  const ip = normalizeIp(getRequestIp(req));
-  if (isLocalNetwork(ip)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  logger.warn('Rejected non-local button press request', { ip: ip || null });
-  res.status(403).json({ error: 'Button presses must originate from local network' });
-  return true;
-}
-
-async function runRewardForButton(button) {
-  const reward = getRewardById(button.rewardId);
-  if (!reward) {
-    assignNewReward(button);
-    return;
-  }
-  const completedCount = Number.isFinite(button.count) ? button.count : 0;
-  const completedGoal = Number.isFinite(button.goal) ? button.goal : 0;
-  const ctx = buildRewardContext();
-  try {
-    await reward.run(ctx);
-  } catch (err) {
-    logger.warn('Reward execution failed', { rewardId: reward.id, error: err.message });
-  }
-  io.emit('buttonBox:rewardRun', {
-    buttonId: button.id,
-    rewardId: reward.id,
-    rewardName: reward.name || reward.id,
-    count: completedCount,
-    goal: completedGoal,
-    ts: Date.now(),
-  });
-  button.lastRewardAt = Date.now();
-  button.count = 0;
-  assignNewReward(button, { excludeRewardId: reward.id });
-}
-
-async function applyPress(buttonId) {
-  loadState();
-  const button = state.buttons.find((entry) => entry.id === buttonId);
-  if (!button) {
-    throw new Error('Unknown button');
-  }
-
-  button.count += 1;
-  button.lastIncrementAt = Date.now();
-  writeState();
-
-  io.emit('buttonBox:increment', {
-    buttonId,
-    count: button.count,
-    ts: button.lastIncrementAt,
-  });
-
-  if (button.count >= button.goal) {
-    await runRewardForButton(button);
-    writeState();
-  }
-
-  publishUpdated();
-  return clone(button);
-}
-
-async function recoverEffects() {
-  loadState();
-  const effects = state.effects && typeof state.effects === 'object' ? { ...state.effects } : {};
-  const ctx = buildRewardContext();
-
-  for (const [effectId, payload] of Object.entries(effects)) {
-    const reward = getRewardById(effectId);
-    if (!reward || typeof reward.recover !== 'function') {
-      clearEffect(effectId, { broadcast: false });
-      continue;
-    }
-    try {
-      await reward.recover(ctx, payload);
-    } catch (err) {
-      logger.warn('Effect recovery failed', { effectId, error: err.message });
-      clearEffect(effectId, { broadcast: false });
-    }
-  }
-  publishUpdated();
-}
-
-app.post('/buttonbox/press', express.text({ type: 'text/plain' }), async (req, res) => {
-  if (denyIfNotLocal(req, res)) return;
-  const buttonId = parseButtonId(req.body);
-  if (!Number.isFinite(buttonId) || buttonId < 1 || buttonId > BUTTON_COUNT) {
-    res.status(400).json({ error: 'button must be 1-4' });
-    return;
-  }
-  try {
-    const button = await applyPress(buttonId);
-    res.json({ success: true, button });
-  } catch (err) {
-    res.status(500).json({ error: err.message || 'Button processing failed' });
-  }
+const store = createButtonBoxStore({
+  logger,
+  getRewardById,
+  listRewards,
+  dataDir: DATA_DIR,
+  storePath: STORE_PATH,
+  buttonCount: BUTTON_COUNT,
+  storeVersion: STORE_VERSION,
 });
 
-loadState();
-recoverEffects().catch((err) => {
+const core = createButtonBoxCore({
+  io,
+  logger,
+  getRewardById,
+  roverManager,
+  issueCommand,
+  sendAlert,
+  publishEvent,
+  sendExternalTyping,
+  sendExternalMessage,
+  sendSystemMessage,
+  getMode,
+  setMode,
+  getAdminReason,
+  setAdminReason,
+  clearAdminReason,
+  assignmentService,
+  getHomeAssistantState,
+  setHomeAssistantEntityState,
+  setHomeAssistantLightsLockedOn,
+  store,
+});
+
+registerButtonBoxRoute({
+  app,
+  logger,
+  buttonCount: BUTTON_COUNT,
+  getRequestIp,
+  normalizeIp,
+  isLocalNetwork,
+  applyPress: core.applyPress,
+});
+
+store.loadState();
+core.recoverEffects().catch((err) => {
   logger.warn('Button box effect recovery failed', err.message);
 });
 
 module.exports = {
-  getButtonBoxState,
+  getButtonBoxState: store.getStateClone,
 };
diff --git a/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/store.js b/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/store.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f53987b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/services/buttonBoxService/store.js
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// button Box Service store
+// Purpose: Owns persisted button-box state shape, normalization, and atomic file read/write operations.
+// Scope: Keeps runtime behavior unchanged by isolating state persistence mechanics from reward/HTTP orchestration.
+const fs = require('fs');
+
+function createButtonBoxStore(deps) {
+  const {
+    logger,
+    getRewardById,
+    listRewards,
+    dataDir,
+    storePath,
+    buttonCount,
+    storeVersion,
+  } = deps;
+
+  let state = null;
+
+  function createDefaultButton(id) {
+    return {
+      id,
+      count: 0,
+      rewardId: null,
+      rewardName: null,
+      rewardNumber: null,
+      goal: null,
+      lastIncrementAt: null,
+      lastRewardAt: null,
+    };
+  }
+
+  function createDefaultState() {
+    return {
+      version: storeVersion,
+      updatedAt: Date.now(),
+      buttons: Array.from({ length: buttonCount }, (_, idx) => createDefaultButton(idx + 1)),
+      effects: {},
+    };
+  }
+
+  function clone(value) {
+    return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(value));
+  }
+
+  function assignNewReward(button, options = {}) {
+    const allRewards = listRewards();
+    if (!allRewards.length) throw new Error('No rewards configured');
+    const excludeRewardId = typeof options.excludeRewardId === 'string' ? options.excludeRewardId : null;
+
+    const usedByOtherButtons = new Set(
+      state.buttons
+        .filter((entry) => entry.id !== button.id)
+        .map((entry) => entry.rewardId)
+        .filter((rewardId) => typeof rewardId === 'string' && rewardId.length > 0),
+    );
+    const uniqueCandidates = allRewards.filter(
+      (reward) => !usedByOtherButtons.has(reward.id) && (!excludeRewardId || reward.id !== excludeRewardId),
+    );
+    const fallbackUniqueCandidates = allRewards.filter((reward) => !usedByOtherButtons.has(reward.id));
+    const pool = uniqueCandidates.length
+      ? uniqueCandidates
+      : fallbackUniqueCandidates.length
+        ? fallbackUniqueCandidates
+        : allRewards.filter((reward) => !excludeRewardId || reward.id !== excludeRewardId);
+    const reward = pool[Math.floor(Math.random() * pool.length)] || null;
+    if (!reward) throw new Error('No rewards configured');
+
+    button.rewardId = reward.id;
+    button.rewardName = reward.name || null;
+    button.rewardNumber = reward.number;
+    button.goal = reward.goal;
+    button.count = 0;
+  }
+
+  function ensureRewardAssignments() {
+    if (!state) return;
+    const seen = new Set();
+    state.buttons.forEach((button) => {
+      const reward = getRewardById(button.rewardId);
+      if (reward && !seen.has(reward.id)) {
+        seen.add(reward.id);
+        button.rewardName = reward.name || null;
+        button.rewardNumber = reward.number;
+        button.goal = reward.goal;
+        if (!Number.isFinite(button.count) || button.count < 0) {
+          button.count = 0;
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+      assignNewReward(button);
+      if (button.rewardId) {
+        seen.add(button.rewardId);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function normalizeLoaded(raw = {}) {
+    const base = createDefaultState();
+    const sourceButtons = Array.isArray(raw.buttons) ? raw.buttons : [];
+    const buttons = base.buttons.map((button, idx) => {
+      const loaded = sourceButtons[idx] || {};
+      return {
+        ...button,
+        count: Number.isFinite(loaded.count) ? Math.max(0, Math.floor(loaded.count)) : 0,
+        rewardId: typeof loaded.rewardId === 'string' ? loaded.rewardId : null,
+        rewardName: typeof loaded.rewardName === 'string' ? loaded.rewardName : null,
+        rewardNumber: Number.isFinite(loaded.rewardNumber) ? Math.floor(loaded.rewardNumber) : null,
+        goal: Number.isFinite(loaded.goal) ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(loaded.goal)) : null,
+        lastIncrementAt: Number.isFinite(loaded.lastIncrementAt) ? loaded.lastIncrementAt : null,
+        lastRewardAt: Number.isFinite(loaded.lastRewardAt) ? loaded.lastRewardAt : null,
+      };
+    });
+
+    const effects = raw.effects && typeof raw.effects === 'object' ? raw.effects : {};
+    return {
+      version: storeVersion,
+      updatedAt: Number.isFinite(raw.updatedAt) ? raw.updatedAt : Date.now(),
+      buttons,
+      effects,
+    };
+  }
+
+  function writeState() {
+    fs.mkdirSync(dataDir, { recursive: true });
+    const next = {
+      ...state,
+      updatedAt: Date.now(),
+    };
+    const tempPath = `${storePath}.${process.pid}.${Date.now()}.tmp`;
+    fs.writeFileSync(tempPath, `${JSON.stringify(next, null, 2)}\n`, 'utf8');
+    fs.renameSync(tempPath, storePath);
+    state = next;
+  }
+
+  function loadState() {
+    if (state) return state;
+    try {
+      const raw = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(storePath, 'utf8'));
+      state = normalizeLoaded(raw);
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
+        logger.warn('Failed to load button box store', err.message);
+      }
+      state = createDefaultState();
+    }
+    ensureRewardAssignments();
+    writeState();
+    return state;
+  }
+
+  function getState() {
+    loadState();
+    return state;
+  }
+
+  function getStateClone() {
+    return clone({ buttons: getState().buttons });
+  }
+
+  return {
+    loadState,
+    writeState,
+    getState,
+    getStateClone,
+    clone,
+    assignNewReward,
+  };
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  createButtonBoxStore,
+};